Change made to instruction and/or assessment that does not change the expectations for performance or change the construct that is being measured. Accommodations provide access to buildings, curriculum, and assessments.

An adjustment to the instructional content or performance expectations of students with disabilities from what is expected or taught to students in general education. Adaptations can include decreasing the number of exercises the student is expected to complete, assigning different reading materials, or allowing use of a calculator.

A measure of performance prior to intervention. These initial data are used to monitor changes or the improvement in an individual performance.

a) Difference between two outcome measures; b) IQ-achievement discrepancy – difference between scores on a norm-referenced intelligence test and a norm-referenced achievement test; c) Difference between pre-test and post-test on a criterion-referenced test.