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LD Basics   |   Language & Math   |   Reading
¿Qué es la dislexia?
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By NCLD Editorial Staff
Published: Marzo 5 2009
Al igual que con otras discapacidades del aprendizaje, la dislexia es un reto de por vida con el que las personas nacen. Este trastorno del procesamiento del lenguaje puede dificultar la lectura, escritura, ortografía y a veces incluso el habla. La dislexia no es un síntoma de poca inteligencia o de pereza. Tampoco es el resultado de daños de la visión. Los niños y adultos con dislexia, simplemente tienen un trastorno neurológico que hace que su cerebro procese e interprete la información de manera diferente.

La dislexia ocurre entre las personas de todos los niveles económicos y antecedentes étnicos. A menudo más de un miembro de la familia tiene dislexia. Según el Instituto Nacional del Niño y Desarrollo Humano (en inglés National Institute of Child and Human Development), casi el 15 por ciento de los estadounidenses tienen problemas importantes con la lectura.

Gran parte de lo que ocurre en el aula de clases se basa en la lectura y la escritura. Así que es importante identificar la dislexia lo antes posible. Utilizando métodos de aprendizaje alternativos, las personas con dislexia pueden alcanzar el éxito.

¿Cuáles son los efectos de la dislexia?

La dislexia puede afectar a las personas de distintas maneras. Esto depende, en parte, de la severidad de la discapacidad de aprendizaje y del éxito de los métodos alternativos de aprendizaje. Algunas personas con dislexia pueden tener problemas con la lectura y la ortografía, mientras que a otros les resulta difícil escribir, o distinguir la izquierda de la derecha. Algunos niños muestran pocas señales de dificultad temprana con la lectura y la escritura. Pero más adelante, pueden tener problemas con las habilidades lingüísticas complejas, tales como la gramática, la comprensión de textos, y con la escritura en más profundidad.

La dislexia también puede hacer más difícil que las personas se expresen con claridad. Puede ser difícil para ellos usar el vocabulario y estructurar sus pensamientos durante la conversación. Otros tienen dificultades para entender cuando la gente les habla. Esto no se debe a problemas de audición. Sino que se trata de una dificultad para procesar la información verbal. Es aún más difícil con pensamientos abstractos y el lenguaje no literal, como los chistes, refranes o proverbios.

Todos estos efectos pueden tener un gran impacto en la imagen que una persona tiene de sí misma. Sin ayuda, los niños a menudo se sienten frustrados con el aprendizaje. El estrés de lidiar con las tareas escolares a menudo hace que los niños con dislexia pierdan la motivación para seguir adelante y superar los obstáculos que enfrentan.

¿Cuáles son las señales de advertencia?

Las siguientes son señales comunes de dislexia en personas de diferentes edades. Si usted o alguien que usted conoce muestra estas señales, no significa necesariamente que tenga una discapacidad de aprendizaje. Pero si los problemas continúan a través del tiempo, considere hacer una prueba diagnóstica de dislexia.

Niños pequeños   

Niños en edad escolar

Adolescentes y adultos
Problemas con:

  • El reconocimiento de letras, relacionar letras con sonidos y combinar los sonidos para transformarlos en habla
  • La pronunciación de palabras, por ejemplo diciendo "maga lana" en lugar de "mala gana"
  • El aprendizaje  y uso de nuevas palabras de vocabulario correctamente
  • El aprendizaje del alfabeto, los números, y los días de la semana o secuencias similares de palabras comunes
  • La construcción de rimas
    		 Problemas con:

    • El dominio de las reglas de ortografía
    • Recordar hechos y números
    • La caligrafía o para sostener un lápiz
    • Aprender y comprender  habilidades nuevas, sino que dependen en gran medida en la memorización
    • La lectura y ortografía, como la inversión de las letras (d, b) o mover las letras de lugar(abrir, adrir)
    • Seguir una secuencia de instrucciones
    • Dificultad con los problemas de razonamiento en matemáticas
    		 Problemas con:

    • La lectura en el nivel esperado   
    • Entender el lenguaje no literal, como los modismos, chistes o proverbios
    • Leer en voz alta
    • Organizar y manejar el tiempo
    • Resumir una historia
    • Aprender un idioma extranjero
    • Memorizar

       

      ¿Cómo se identifica la dislexia?

      Profesionales entrenados pueden identificar la dislexia mediante una evaluación formal. Esta analiza la capacidad de una persona para entender y usar el lenguaje hablado y escrito. Analiza las áreas de fortaleza y debilidad respecto de las habilidades que son necesarias para la lectura. También tiene en cuenta otros muchos factores. Estos incluyen los antecedentes familiares, el intelecto, la formación académica y el entorno social.

       

      ¿Cuál es el tratamiento para la dislexia?

      Es útil identificar la dislexia tan temprano en la vida como sea posible. Los adultos con dislexia no diagnosticada a menudo trabajan en empleos por debajo de su capacidad intelectual. Pero con la ayuda de un tutor, maestro, u otro profesional capacitado, casi todas las personas con dislexia pueden convertirse en buenos lectores y escritores. Utilice las siguientes estrategias para ayudar a progresar con la dislexia.

       

      • Exponga al niño temprano a la lectura en voz alta, escritura, dibujo, y práctica para fomentar el desarrollo de los conocimientos del lenguaje impreso, formación básica de las letras, técnicas de reconocimiento, y la conciencia lingüística (la relación entre sonido y significado).
      • Haga que su hijo practique la lectura de diferentes tipos de textos. Incluyendo libros, revistas, anuncios publicitarios e historietas.
      • Incluya la instrucción de lenguaje multi-sensorial, estructurado. Practique utilizando la vista, el sonido y el tacto en la introducción de nuevas ideas.
      • Pida modificaciones en el aula. Esto podría incluir tiempo extra para completar las tareas, ayuda con la toma de notas, exámenes orales, y otros medios de evaluación.
      • Use libros grabados en audio y asistencia tecnológica. Ejemplos de ello son los lectores de pantalla y los programas (software) de reconocimiento de voz.
      • Obtenga ayuda para lidiar con los problemas emocionales que surgen de las dificultades para superar los problemas académicos.


          Reading and writing are key skills for daily living. However, it is important to also emphasize other aspects of learning and expression. Like all people, those with dyslexia enjoy activities that tap into their strengths and interests. For example, people with dyslexia may be attracted to fields that do not emphasize language skills. Examples are design, art, architecture, engineering, and surgery.

           



          Este artículo es posible gracias a una subvención de la           American Legion Child Welfare Foundation.

          Esta traducción fue posible gracias al patrocinio de           Charles Evans Foundation.  
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          38 Comments

          1. Yo this article can make you feel like you are a victim or the disorder!

            Posted by: peta on Domingo 20 de Mayo de 2012

          2. I Hate This Stuff , :)

            Posted by: Lexy Ross on Miércoles 16 de Mayo de 2012

          3. Buffoon thats the name I was giving to me by my 2nd drade teacher. this was the seconcond time in this grade. of course I didnt no what it ment. I got trough school cause i was an over average athilite. coache were my teachers. i new i was different then other ever since i was young. could never pass test. left the Marine Corps cause i was not able to pass my NCO test. left the Sherriffs Dept. cause i couldnt pass the deputy test. so i went and became a truck driver, a good one. no that im 50 and disabled, i feel kinda lost with dreams that are yet to fullfilled. single and living with my daughter. what to do what to do? Ray

            Posted by: buffoon on Martes 15 de Mayo de 2012

          4. Dr. Horowitz, thank you for this article. We share your passion in spreading proper understanding of dyslexia, and offer learn to read remediation specifically designed for older struggling readers ( ages 7+). To learn more about what we offer please go to https://dynaread.com.

            Posted by: JD7777 on Jueves 10 de Mayo de 2012

          5. One of the issues with being dyslexic is that people who are average thinkers call the way dyslexic's think as a learning disorder. However the way we think is often gifted, creative and should be celebrated. It is different, not a disorder. If you are a lefty and are forced to use your right hand only, you will have problems. If you or your child is forced to fit into a learning/education system/communication style that is designed for something different, and then they are blamed for not getting it right.... then a problem is created. Celebrate those that think differently and start here by changing the nomenclature from "neurological disorder " to different learning style. I don't have a neurological disorder, I have a different way of thinking. I am dyslexic.

            Posted by: alexandra Jump on Viernes 20 de Abril de 2012

          6. i have dyslexia and im trying to overcome poverty and all my life i been getting bad grades since elementary,watching students get awards for what they were good at made me fill like i couldn't do nothing and teachers always yield at me because i was considered to be lazy and did nothing but draw that's tha only thing i am good at but right now i am 20yrs old and still looking for ways to overcome my disability.

            Posted by: cordelro on Lunes 09 de Abril de 2012

          7. I was disagnosed as being dyslexic while I was in elementary school, and for many years, I allowed my LD to hinder my academic career. Today, I am college graduate who is a year away from obtaining a doctorate. I have three other degrees (two in English and Specialist Degree in Community College Teaching). For those of you who have been recently diagnosed with dyslexia, please do not give up! There is help. Check with your local city government/community support and outreach for testing (children to adults). Parents, PUSH for testing of your children if you believe that there is an issue. Kids, talk to an adult, your guidance counselor, a pastor, anyone about whatever problem you are having with your learning environment. If you believe that you are entitled to special accommodations, DO NOT BACK DOWN. You are ENTITLED BY LAW to special accommodations if your qualify for them by means of a proper evaluation and assessment.

            Posted by: Brandy on Jueves 05 de Abril de 2012

          8. My 14yo has been struggling with dyslexia since 3rd grade. Because he is bright and makes good grades the school will provide no help for him. His teachers have never corrected his spelling errors and his on demand writing is very poor. He is going into high school and I am fighting now for a 504. He also has issues with eye tracking and convergence. We are starting vision therapy and a private tutor is working with him to help with his spelling and writing. Any suggestions on how to get the school to provide necessary accommodations? I am afraid the high school teachers will not be so friendly.

            Posted by: Elizabeth on Sábado 24 de Marzo de 2012

          9. i think i have it and i never knew what this was in till now i hope i get better at writing and reading

            Posted by: jeka on Martes 20 de Marzo de 2012

          10. I have dyslexia and before I moved to a different school they did not know how to teach me and the teachers said I was lazy and didnt try hard enough but I did try hard but it was a sruggle because I have dyslexia. I am dyslexic and proud! It makes me who I am!

            Posted by: Katie on Miércoles 07 de Marzo de 2012

          11. The Lindamood-Bell Methodology has done miracles for my childs reading. Key is that it has to be taught by highly trained instructors (not necessarily liscensed teachers) and the program needs to be delivered with fidelity.

            Posted by: Peggy on Martes 06 de Marzo de 2012

          12. Any suggestions for help with oral expression delays associated with severe dyslexia?

            Posted by: Connie Sadowski on Jueves 01 de Marzo de 2012

          13. Teachers are a front line defense b both recognizing the signs of dyslexia/LD and also by teaching students using a multisensory, structured language approach (MSL). All students benefit from this approach, but for LD students it is a critical component according to reading research by the NICHD and NRP. We provide MSL professional development to thousands of teachers and consistently are asked why all primary grades are not using this method of teaching to give all students the very best start with language, reading and spelling. A very good question! Our Orton-Gillingham based accredited program, Phonics First (www.rlac.com), gives teachers extensive tools to use on a daily basis in the classroom to meet the needs of struggling learners with great success. I encourage anyone with dyslexia/LD or professionals who teach them to seek information on MSL programs that are designed to meet the unique needs of these learners. (www.rlac.com; www.imslec.org; interdys.org are great places to start)!

            Posted by: Laurie Wagner on Miércoles 29 de Febrero de 2012

          14. I am writing concerning my self and the difercultly of having to live add or this dyslexia it has been very hard communicating and holding a job and trouble seeking testing if you could direct me where i can go to be tested to help me over come this night mare it would be very appreciated.

            Posted by: Peter Di on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          15. yeah it's fun having a learing disabilities then again learing in new ways really are experiences nobody but the one who has the learning disability can learn from

            Posted by: gitoya on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          16. I would like to share with you this wonderful program which is helping my friend's daughter a graet deal. http://www.srlearningcenter.org/

            Posted by: Claudia Smith on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          17. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with accurate and / or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge. International Dyslexia Association (2002)

            Posted by: Tony on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          18. There are many terrific Orton-Gillingham based based programs out there for treating dyslexia. The International Dyslexia Association website offers a side by side comparison of certified programs on its Matrix of MSLE programs (Multisensory Structured Language Education). And yes, as a dyslexic with a degree in music, I can tell you it does affect reading music as well as words. However as this article suggests, there is more to dyslexia than just reading difficulties. Dyslexia affects spelling, oral expression, handwriting, written expression, and math. For O-G based math and study skills programs, check our The Atlantic Seaboard Dyslexia Education Center in Maryland (www.asdec.org).

            Posted by: Marilyn Zecher, M.A., CALT on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          19. Will you please elaborate on speaking delays ? " This language processing disorder can hinder reading, writing, spelling, and sometimes even speaking.  Dyslexia is not a sign of poor intelligence."

            Posted by: Connie Sadowski on Martes 28 de Febrero de 2012

          20. I love dyslexia!

            Posted by: Lewis on Martes 10 de Enero de 2012

          21. I have a son who has been attending Dyslexia Tutoring for the past 12 months, he was way behind in reading when he first started. He has improved so much. He is still behind, but not nearly as before. Earlier today, my wife and I were discussing the way he is being taught at school. They are using this program called “Lexia” and my son kept telling us that he did not want to use it because he was getting confused. So I decided to call Susan Barton, the founder of Barton Reading and Spelling System for Dyslexia, to ask for her opinion. She confirmed what my son had been saying. “He will get confused if he is being taught on two different methods”. His private tutor is using Orton Gillingham vs. school using some other method.I would highly recommend that you visit the following website(s): http://www.bartonreading.com/ http://www.susanbarton.com/The public schools try hard, but unfortunately are not up to date on the latest research. Hope this helps someone out there.

            Posted by: Juliomz on Jueves 01 de Diciembre de 2011

          22. tengo 2 hijos de 15 años con dislexia, comprendera mi situacion ..., no recibo ajuda informacion , hay consejos para mi.. gracias

            Posted by: mihaela on Jueves 17 de Noviembre de 2011

          23. America--so glad to hear you feel like you are on the right track now with getting help for your daughter. Properly identifying LD is a huge step! Knowing that others have struggled with LD and succeeded is really inspiring, too. We share a lot of success stories of people with LD on our LD Insights blog (http://ncld.org/ld-insights)--definitely check that out if you haven't yet.

            Posted by: Kaleigh (NCLD Staff) on Miércoles 16 de Noviembre de 2011

          24. My 9-year-old daughter is proudly dyslexic, just found out a week ago. We had been trying for the last 7 years of her life to get help for her, without success until now. The first time in year that I feel that we are in the right path. We had, would, will, try whatever in order to help her success. Never giving up, from therapy, medication, different types of psychological therapy. For her knowing that John Lennon, Albert Einstein, Edison, Lincoln, JFK, Agatha, Henry Ford, Leonardo, and more of brilliant minds that had change the world in all areas, had a reading-writing disability as her is the most motivating tool never found. We still have a long way to go, and tons of reading to do (for her to be re-educated, for me to support her) but we won’t give up :)

            Posted by: America on Miércoles 16 de Noviembre de 2011

          25. tengo un hijo de la edad de 5 anos y creo que tiene disxlecsia y consejo me puden dar o que terapia nesesyta podian orientanme

            Posted by: marcos jesua ruiz roque on Lunes 07 de Noviembre de 2011

          26. Thanks for the most informative words and encouraging steps. Understand so many famous people such as Richard Bronson has dylexia and accomplished his career by encouraging those with this challenge. Could you share his story and others for we know the dyslexia student sees things in manners that is opposite from the set standard and system of education but these students sees.

            Posted by: Jerry W. Arrington on Domingo 25 de Septiembre de 2011

          27. What Is Dyslexia?
            For those who asked if Dyslexia affects chances of getting into colleges i think the answer is it doesn't have to. I am dyslexic and was able to get into a good school. I looked for one that doesn't take test scores too seriously because standardized tests are not my strong suit. I also sent them a letter explaining that the SATs were not a good evaluation of my intelligence because of dyslexia. I even wrote my college essay about how being dyslexic has affected my life in some ways although it has enhanced my ability to work hard and to think outside of the box. In short don't let it stop you, use it to your advantage. Most schools just want someone who is going to work hard. I spend so many years working twice as hard on spelling and writing as others it is now coming in handy.

            Posted by: mmakma on Domingo 20 de Marzo de 2011

          28. What Is Dyslexia?
            Here at www.kildonan.org we are huge advocates of multi-sensory instruction and Orton-Gillingham tutoring. These methods have helped our students tremendously.

            Posted by: Kildonan School on Jueves 27 de Enero de 2011

          29. What Is Dyslexia?
            I was diagnosed with mild dyslexia when I was little and I never recived treatment or any accomadations for the disorder. I love reading but, I cannot spell worth anything and have to run everything through spell check. However, by working hard I am now in college on a full tution scholarship for academics. I just want to say to keep your hopes up and work hard because you can fight this disorder and win if you stay positive. So for those of you questioning schooling because of this disorder, do not worry; a school cannot by federal law not admit you because of a handicap. I work for my college admissions office and personally they love to see students who have overcome a difficulty in their life. So stay positive and work hard and schools will gladly accept you.

            Posted by: Katie on Viernes 10 de Diciembre de 2010

          30. Dyslexia
            I don't have Dyslexia, but I just watched a show with some one with Dyslexia. Like how do you teach them, and how do you exactly know if you have it or not? Every now and then I'll forget how to spell somthing like squirll, or chipmunk. I'm in 6th grade so I wanted to look it up. Thank you. :)

            Posted by: Abby on Sábado 04 de Diciembre de 2010

          31. Dyslexia
            Will Having Dyslexia affect my chances of getting accepted to colleges?

            Posted by: bird on Viernes 05 de Noviembre de 2010

          32. Dyslexia
            i have had dyslexia since 4th grade and i have a hard time with spelling and music

            Posted by: miranda on Martes 26 de Octubre de 2010

          33. Dyslexia
            I have dyslexia, I have 39 year. Do you know about the test for adult in Spanish that identify level the dyslexia? if you know about that. where is possible do the test in New York how is the price? thanks

            Posted by: marcela maldonado on Jueves 14 de Octubre de 2010

          34. Dyslexia
            My best friend Has Dyslexia and She wasn't accepted into the schools Because of it. Personally I think it is wrong Not To. Just because you Have a reading/writing Disorder Doesn't Mean you should get treated Completely Different. Yes, I think People With Dyslexia Need Special Help to Help with their Writing and Stuff Like that But, I don't think They should get kicked out of school, Or even Get horrible grades Because of their writing or spelling.

            Posted by: Haille McKown on Viernes 08 de Octubre de 2010

          35. Dyslexia
            I have dyslexia and ADHD, and the funnyest thing about dyslexia is that it seems like the school district dosnt want to help me, my handwritting is horrable i cant spell ive talked to my concelor and then to this guy for accomodations and pretty much i got told for my dyslexia my accommadtion is im sorry but for my medacated ADHD i Might get an acommadation. all through elementry school and most of middle school i had to purposely get bad grades be4 the had even thought of concidering me when my writting was and still is horrable i cant even read it somtimes. The school systems dont seem to care about dysleixa which is wrong because im sick of getting my papers back from my teachers saying take your time or type. spell check dosnt help much because if i cant spell the word and it dosnt write the way it sounds when spell check gives me suggestions i cant find the right one. just wanted yall to know that some school districts dont consider dyslexia as a disablity

            Posted by: Aaron neel on Lunes 27 de Septiembre de 2010

          36. Dyslexia
            I have dylexia. And I think it does effects how I learn music. I started studying paino since I was 5. And when I was 10 i realized that I wasn't getting any better at reading the music notes. The only way that I learnrt how to play paino was to look at how my teacher played.

            Posted by: Bee on Sábado 28 de Agosto de 2010

          37. Dyslexia
            Does the program Learn to Learn help students that have dyslexia?

            Posted by: Donna Wood on Domingo 13 de Junio de 2010

          38. Dyslexia
            I wonder if it affects your ability to learn how to read music. For years I wanted to learn how to read music.. It just looks like a bunch of dots on a page to me....

            Posted by: Eliz on Sábado 12 de Junio de 2010

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