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LD Basics   |   Executive Functioning   |   Basic EF Facts
What is Executive Function?
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By NCLD Editorial Staff
Published: December 17 2010 | Updated: April 23 2012
Executive function is a set of mental processes that helps connect past experience with present action. People use it to perform activities such as planning, organizing, strategizing, paying attention to and remembering details, and managing time and space.


If you have trouble with executive function, these things are more difficult to do. You may also show a weakness with working memory, which is like "seeing in your mind's eye." This is an important tool in guiding your actions.

As with other learning disabilities, problems with executive function can run in families. It can be seen at any age, but it tends to become more apparent as children move through the early elementary grades. This is when the demands of completing schoolwork independently can trigger signs of a problem with executive function.

The brain continues to mature and develop connections well into adulthood. A person's executive function abilities are shaped by both physical changes in the brain and by life experiences, in the classroom and in the world at large. Early attention to developing efficient skills in this area can be very helpful. As a rule, it helps to give direct instruction, frequent reassurance, and explicit feedback.

 

How Does Executive Function Affect Learning?


In school, at home, or in the workplace, we're called on all day, every day, to self-regulate behavior. Executive function allows us to:
  • Make plans
  • Keep track of time and finish work on time
  • Keep track of more than one thing at once
  • Meaningfully include past knowledge in discussions
  • Evaluate ideas and reflect on our work
  • Change our minds and make mid-course corrections while thinking, reading, and writing
  • Ask for help or seek more information when we need it
  • Engage in group dynamics
  • Wait to speak until we're called on

 

What Are the Warning Signs of Executive Function Problems?


A student may have problems with executive function when he or she has trouble:
  • Planning projects
  • Comprehending how much time a project will take to complete
  • Telling stories (verbally or in writing), struggling to communicate details in an organized, sequential manner
  • Memorizing and retrieving information from memory
  • Initiating activities or tasks, or generating ideas independently
  • Retaining information while doing something with it, for example, remembering a phone number while dialing

 

How Are Problems with Executive Function Identified?


There is no single test or even battery of tests that identifies all of the different features of executive function. Educators, psychologists, speech-language pathologists, and others use a variety of tests to identify problems. Careful observation and trial teaching are invaluable in identifying and better understanding weaknesses in this area.

 

What Are Some Strategies to Help?


There are many effective strategies to help with the problem of executive function challenges. Here are some methods to try:

 

General Strategies

  • Take step-by-step approaches to work; rely on visual organizational aids.
  • Use tools like time organizers, computers or watches with alarms.
  • Prepare visual schedules and review them several times a day.
  • Ask for written directions with oral instructions whenever possible.
  • Plan and structure transition times and shifts in activities.

 

Managing Time

  • Create checklists and "to do" lists, estimating how long tasks will take.
  • Break long assignments into chunks and assign time frames for completing each chunk.
  • Use visual calendars at to keep track of long term assignments, due dates, chores, and activities.
  • Use management software such as the Franklin Day Planner, Palm Pilot, or Lotus Organizer.
  • Be sure to write the due date on top of each assignment.

 

Managing Space and Materials

  • Organize work space.
  • Minimize clutter.
  • Consider having separate work areas with complete sets of supplies for different activities.
  • Schedule a weekly time to clean and organize the work space.

 

Managing Work

  • Make a checklist for getting through assignments. For example, a student's checklist could include such items as: get out pencil and paper; put name on paper; put due date on paper; read directions; etc.
  • Meet with a teacher or supervisor on a regular basis to review work; troubleshoot problems.

This article is made possible by a grant from the American Legion Child Welfare Foundation.
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31 Comments

  1. This is great information. I just heard about this page being updated today and by coincidence, I just talked about executive functioning on my toy review blog today because we had been talking about a game that works on strategic thinking skills. I will share this link on my Facebook page. Thank you.

    Posted by: Jenn Choi on Tuesday, 24 April 2012

  2. This helped a lot, having a son who has been diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome and also ADHD, he has a lot of troubles with being able to regulate his time, and to be able to function as other children his age. These are helpful hints to help him be able to complete tasks, to be able to stay on tasks and not give into his impulses. Thank you.

    Posted by: Bobbie on Monday, 16 April 2012

  3. This was a great article. I've been reading about EFD a lot lately. Teachers at school have been pushing us to embrace the idea that my son has ADD, but I'm not so convinced. Either way, I developed a game that allows my family to schedule chores, complete with each other, earn points and win rewards. It's built on a list of delegated chores. I've been so impressed with how my son responded to it. It was so exciting to see him start to make tough choices (cash in points or work toward a higher value prize, do his jobs before playing, etc). I'd like to see if others find it helpful as well. The site is http://www.logmypoints.com I'd love to hear your feedback! John

    Posted by: John Chesnes on Sunday, 25 March 2012

  4. I would like to know the ceremonial function of the executive.

    Posted by: benjamin on Sunday, 18 March 2012

  5. Occupational therapists, especiallly those with certifications and specializations in pediatrics or neurologic disorders can be extremely effective regarding executive function difficulties. Planning, time management, initiation, and self organization are only a few areas in which they are able to assist in a holistic, client centered way that targets how the individual functions with his or her strengths. Occupational Therapists Can be found in school systems, hospitals, as well as specific clinics around the world. They can make a huge difference in not only the individual's life, but in the support system as well.

    Posted by: Ashley on Wednesday, 14 March 2012

  6. I find this article to be very inspiring. My 10 year old daughter is ADHD with EF. It has been difficult for us having to address her needs at home as well as school. I am very thankful for all the resources that I've gained through your blogs. Just know that there is a light at the end of the tunnel.

    Posted by: Kevin Daley on Thursday, 19 January 2012

  7. I'm a 19 year old student. When I was 14 I was diagnosed with ADD (without hyperactivity). My main problems are organization, focusing and time management. I found the Attengo site through another site and for the first time I heard about the Executive Function skills. Attengo promised they can improve these kinds of problems, so because it's only $35 I tried it. After several weeks of working on their software I noticed changes. First, I couldn't believe it and then I realized that I can focus better, remember more and I could manage and organize things better. Anyone else tried it??

    Posted by: Lioren.F on Sunday, 11 December 2011

  8. Hi Karen--your granddaughter is lucky to have such an involved grandparent! In addition to the content we have on LD.org, you can use our Resource Locator to find services in your area. One resource that is very helpful for information about ADHD is CHADD, Children & Adults with ADHD. They have local chapters which often hold classes, support groups, and other local gatherings. You can learn more about them at: http://www.chadd.org

    Posted by: Kaleigh (NCLD Staff) on Wednesday, 16 November 2011

  9. My granddaughter who already has adhd was just told she also has efd we r in the phila area and looking for help with maybe some classes on how to help and cope with someone with these disorders it is a rough job for my daughter and her husband to handle daily, my husband and i would very much like to help out but are not real sure how to handle my granddaughter properly so we r interested in the best advice from the proper people.

    Posted by: Karen on Tuesday, 15 November 2011

  10. Since my daughter is not able to take stimulant medication, our family sacrifices a LOT to pay for a private cognitive behavior therapist and we are diligently seeking a social skills group and private EF therapist. We sorely need more public awareness and advocacy for the people who struggle to succeed in an academic world that doesn't understand how they learn. By definition, ADHD behaviors cause lower EF functioning, but due to individual variations of brain functioning, these disorders are difficult to quantify in such a way as to effectively treat them.

    Posted by: TC on Friday, 11 November 2011

  11. This is partially a response to KW: My daughter has serious ADHD and EF deficits and is in high school. Managing her homework, organization, test preparation, planning & execution of projects, and just remembering to bring the proper books & supplies to class/home is a daily STRUGGLE. I don't know where you got the idea that schools provide "attention of various medical providers and specialized programs with aggressive education specialists," because I have NEVER seen it myself. She does not WANT to go to a 'special' school, she wants to fight her way every day through a 'normal' school. She gets 2 accomondations ONLY in math for low working memory 1)extra time on exams if needed and 2)the use of a calculator. That's IT. Most schools do little or nothing to acknowledge or accomodate ADHD and EF deficits.

    Posted by: TC on Friday, 11 November 2011

  12. A neurologic music therapist can help you work on executive function skills. Music has been found to create new connections in the brain when used by a trained professional. Google "neurologic music therapy". The main website has a registry of therapists that may be able to help you.

    Posted by: Noel A on Tuesday, 11 October 2011

  13. My son also has Executive Function issues. I have had him tested and after alot of thought realized that yes, it does run in the family, and I probably have a touch of it too I have had to work around over the years. I have my son in a special School called Westmark in Los Angeles. Their whole approach is to work on just this function. I am hopeful for his future. Great posting. Thank you.

    Posted by: Kitty Ceppi on Monday, 26 September 2011

  14. Thank you for posting this. Executive functioning is hard for me because of a brain injury. I have tried to adapt but many things are still hard for me, like remembering, planning and communicating.

    Posted by: Elaine Parker on Sunday, 18 September 2011

  15. For KW and other adults struggling with EF issues, it may be worth checking out the field of ADHD coaching. People with ADHD commonly srtruggle with these issues, so ADHD coaches are likely to be familiar with them and have a number of concrete strategies to help. THe National Resource Center on ADHD has a summary on this and links to additional information. http://help4adhd.org/en/living/coaching/WWK18

    Posted by: Sharon B on Wednesday, 07 September 2011

  16. I currently teach on the college level fashion design. My first couple of years teaching I noticed I was like the students who turned in the "paper" that" identifies them with learning disabilities. I decided to have myself tested. Two Thousand dollars later I found that I too have learning disabilities. I think this makes me a better teaching since I understand my students on a personal level. I continue to push myself in reading, writing, organizing, planning and so on. It is not easy but I always feel rewarded when I finish a book, write plans, and so on. I would suggest to all who read this to NEVER GIVE UP on yourself!!!!!!!! Thank you so much for this article presented on Executive Function Fact Sheet.

    Posted by: Cheryl on Friday, 02 September 2011

  17. I am in the same situation as KW (brain injury with these symptoms). Used to be very very smart. Have recovered a lot, but still have problems finishing things on time (because I have trouble planning things, etc.). It is so nice to FINALLY see someone else posting on these boards who is an adult with the same problems who used to be highly functional and now struggles. KW: I would be interested in talking to you about these issues. If you see this and want to share resources, you can email me at jennifer.thomas@stanfordalumni.org.

    Posted by: Jennifer Thomas on Thursday, 25 August 2011

  18. Our school need to TEACH executive function skills... it will become apparent if a student need intentsive direct instruction to develop the compensation stratigies needed to overcome a weakness in this area... without which, research shows, the student will be unsuccessful in school.

    Posted by: addvocat on Wednesday, 24 August 2011

  19. THIS INFOFMATION HELP ME ALOT SO THAT I CAN COMPLETE MY PROJECT

    Posted by: Unaisi Leba on Tuesday, 16 August 2011

  20. Thank you this information was a great help! Good to be able to share and learn.

    Posted by: L.Broomfield on Tuesday, 19 July 2011

  21. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    I have had this all my life and was lucky enough to land a job where I could function and succeed. I learned to be super structured and had lots of visual cues. How nice to find out this condition has a name..

    Posted by: Ada on Monday, 13 December 2010

  22. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    My Grandson has just recently been diagnosed with Executive Function Disorder. His mom is at wits ends, so I am looking for anything to help her cope and to help Brayden. He is 7 and is outta control. I am hoping and praying this will help. Thank You.

    Posted by: Cindy on Saturday, 11 December 2010

  23. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    This article was very helpful. I have had difficulties with parts of EF for years, but I never knew how to compensate. I have adopted some of the mechanisms for coping, yet I still have trouble memorizing, staying on task, and organizing. It is a lifelong battle, and very few people understand; ridicule is much easier.

    Posted by: Rob on Thursday, 02 December 2010

  24. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    I'm an adult 3.5yrs post TBI, and found this article very helpful. I've regained much of my "intelligence" and most of my ADLs through extremely hard work, but have found my "follow-through on projects","working memory" and "time-estimation" (to name a few) to yet be a significant problem. Progress can be made, but it is slow and painful as an adult as I was highly functional prior. However early, aggressive intervention for children and adults post-injury, can improve personal success and lay down new neuronal pathways. Thank you for your insightful article which can help us all. If you know of a world class hospital/program that specializes in EF and has high success rates, please let me know so that I can move on with my life, as my situation is different than a child being in the school system having the attention of various medical providers and specialized programs with aggressive education specialists, nor do I have family nearby/family support. Thank you.

    Posted by: KW on Sunday, 14 November 2010

  25. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    This is so useful an info. understanding the condition through your article makes the ``blind` see.

    Posted by: Richard on Friday, 05 November 2010

  26. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    A good artcle, worth to be read.Thanks.

    Posted by: Ahmad Sadek on Friday, 05 November 2010

  27. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    Great article. Thanks for being so matter of fact about it. My daughter is LD ADHD OCD with executive functioning issues. We plan everything. That works for us - because of her OCD, she's quite the planner.

    Posted by: blessed2adopt2 on Saturday, 16 October 2010

  28. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    My daughter struggles with executive function weakness and knowing how to help her is so dificult. She is 10 years old, and my husband and I struggle every day to know what we should and should not be doing for her. It seems like asking her to get dressed and ready for school without drama or delay would reguire a check list. We are having so much trouble while trying to each hold down a job and caring for 2 younger children. I wish there was more in school available to help her in this area. Thanks for the article

    Posted by: Josie Vitale on Thursday, 14 October 2010

  29. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    Thanks. (:

    Posted by: La'Kesha on Monday, 11 October 2010

  30. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    it is worthwile to see

    Posted by: majid on Tuesday, 31 August 2010

  31. Executive Function Fact Sheet
    I found this information very helpful.

    Posted by: Barbara L. Easton on Monday, 21 June 2010

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We invite your comments on this article, but we are unable to answer personal questions. If you have a question, you may find these LD.org resources helpful: Resource Locator; LD Basics section; Frequently Asked Questions.
 
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